Table 1 Baseline characteristics of hospitals in the North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, subdivided by district. For continuous variables the median and interquartile range (in parentheses) are reported. For categorical variables, the number and percentage proportion (in parentheses) are reported. The two groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables.

Ownership

 Public

4 (27%)

0 ( 0%)

4 (14%)

 Faith-based

6 (40%)

7 (54%)

13 (46%)

 Non-profit

1 ( 7%)

2 (15%)

3 (11%)

 Private

4 (27%)

4 (31%)

8 (29%)

Level

 Health Centre

13 (87%)

11 (85%)

24 (86%)

 Referral Hospital

2 (13%)

2 (15%)

4 (14%)

% Patients Insured at Each Site (n = 27)

0 (0–13)

13 (13–13)

13 (0–13)

Cost of Caesarean section (USD) (n = 27)

78 (65–80)

50 (35–60)

60 (35–80)

Cost of external fixation (USD) (n = 5)

80 (80–100)

100 (100–100)

100 (80–100)

Cost of laparotomy (USD) (n = 28)

80 (60–100)

95 (65–100)

90 (63–100)

Available surgical beds (#) (n = 28)

22 (18–57)

37 (23–65)

27 (20–59)

Available PACU beds (#) (n = 28)

2 (2–3)

2 (1–)

2 (1–3)

Available ICU beds (#) (n = 28)

0 (0–3)

2 (1–2)

1 (0–3)

Available ORs (#) (n = 28)

1 (1–2)

1 (1–2)

1 (1–2)

% Utilities availability (n = 28)

50 (25–72)

53 (47–69)

52 (31–70)

% Perioperative meds availability (n = 28)

75 (64–84)

63 (43–70)

66 (52–80)

% Imaging services availability (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

% Lab and transfusion availability (n = 28)

3 (0–3)

3 (0–13)

3 (0–10)

% Functional airway equipment (n = 28)

29 (18–50)

13 (10–50)

20 (12–50)

% Functional anaesthesia equipment (n = 28)

40 (33–60)

40 (35–55)

40 (34–59)

% Functional surgical equipment (n = 28)

79 (77–83)

81 (77–84)

80 (77–83)

% Functional basic med. equipment (n = 28)

83 (67–100)

94 (88–100)

94 (83–100)

% 24 h periop. services availability (n = 28)

33 (29–38)

21 (4–33)

33 (13–33)

No. of surgeons (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

No. of anaesthetists (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

No. of obstetricians (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

No. of non-surgeon providers (n = 28)

2 (1–3)

1 (1–3)

1 (1–3)

No. of nurse anaesthetists (n = 28)

1 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

1 (0–2)

No. of SAO providers (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

No. of perioperative providers (n = 28)

3 (2–4)

2 (2–5)

3 (2–5)

No. of laparotomies (n = 28)

44 (17–104)

105 (35–274)

63 (29–176)

No. of Caesarean sections (n = 28)

130 (78–211)

149 (17–418)

137 (69–295)

No. of external fixations (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

No. of Bellwether procedures (n = 28)

211 (98–343)

372 (60–609)

230 (97–601)

Inpatient post-operative deaths (#) (n = 28)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)